刊首语 | 岭南园林学术共同体的形成和使命

author | 作者：Guangsi Lin | 林广思

Date | 日期：2024.01

Scholarship communities are generally considered to be social groups that share common beliefs, values and norms and are committed to a particular scholarly endeavor. Scholarship refers to systematic and specialized learning and skills. Ernest L. Boyer (1928-1995) categorized scholarship into four relatively independent yet interconnected forms: research scholarship, integrative scholarship, applied scholarship, and teaching scholarship. In other words, those engaged in basic research, integrated innovation, planning and design, engineering technology, management, and educational training in the field of landscape architecture, if they share the same or similar goals and values, and possess the skills to systematically or specifically apply and create knowledge, constitute scholarship communities in landscape architecture. On the other hand, as a social entity, a community has various organizational forms. For example, it ranges from a teacher-student group led by a landscape architecture teacher to a department of landscape architecture, and even to a regional or national school of landscape architecture thought. The most typical scholarship communities are various academic organizations, such as societies and their subordinate committees.

通常认为，学术共同体（scholarship communities）是一个具有共同信念、共同价值、共同规范并且致力于特定的学术事业的社会群体。所谓的学术是指系统的、较专门的学问及其技能。欧内斯特·博耶（Ernest L. Boyer, 1928—1995）将学术分为研究型学术、整合型学术、应用型学术与教学型学术4种相对独立但又相互交叉联系的学术形式。也就是说，从事风景园林的基础研究、集成创新、规划设计、工程技术、经营管理和教育培训等工作者，如果秉持着相同或近似的目标和价值观，并且具有系统或专门地运用知识、创造知识的技能，那就是风景园林的学术共同体。另一方面，共同体作为一个社群，具有各种层次的组织形态。比如，从一位风景园林教师及其学生所组成的一个师门，到一个风景园林院系，乃至一个地区或国家的风景园林学术流派。最典型的学术共同体就是各种学术组织，如学会及其下属的专委会。

On November 17, 1962, the establishment of the Guangdong Society of Landscape Architecture marked the formation of the Lingnan Garden scholarship communities centered in Guangzhou. The remains of the Lingnan Garden can be traced back to the Royal Garden of the Nanyue Kingdom built between 204 BCE and 111 BCE. However, the organization and innovation as a knowledge system began in the 1950s, led by Xia Changshi (1905-1996) of the South China Institute of Technology, who conducted surveys and measurements of Qinghui Garden in Shunde with his students. In the first half of 1954, Xia Changshi presided over a general survey of courtyard gardens in central Guangdong. From 1957 to 1958, Mo Bozhi and Feng Shuxun surveyed Qinghui Garden, Twelve-Rock Chamber, Yuyinshanfang, and Keyuan Garden, which later became known as the Four Historical Lingnan Gardens. In 1961, the Department of Architecture of the South China Institute of Technology collaborated with the Guangzhou Urban Construction and Planning Committee, and Xia Changshi and Mo Bozhi (1914-2003) conducted a systematic survey and organization of about 40 gardens in the Pearl River Delta region of central Guangdong and the Han River Delta region of eastern Guangdong. From this, Xia Changshi proposed the concept of “Lingnan Garden.” Xia Changshi and Mo Bozhi co-authored several academic papers and completed the book “Lingnan Garden,” which initially formed the theory of Lingnan Gardens. During this period, Mo Bozhi presided over the design of outstanding works such as Beiyuan Restaurant, Panxi Restaurant, Nan Yuan Restaurant, and Shuangxi Villa (Building B). Xia Changshi and Mo Bozhi formed a scholarship community for the theoretical research of Lingnan Gardens, and Mo Bozhi and his colleagues formed a scholarship community for the engineering design of Lingnan Gardens.

1962年11月17日，广东园林学会成立大会召开，标志着以广州为中心的岭南园林的学术共同体的形成。岭南园林的遗存可追溯至公元前204年—公元前111年期间建设的南越国御苑，但是，作为一种知识体系的整理和创新，则自1950年代始，华南工学院夏昌世（1905—1996）带领师生测绘顺德的清晖园。1954年上半年，夏昌世主持对粤中庭园进行了一次普查工作。1957—1958年，莫伯治和冯树勋调研了清晖园、十二石斋、余荫山房和可园，这4个园林后来被称为“广东四大名园”。1961年，华南工学院建筑学系和广州城市建设规划委员会合作，由夏昌世和莫伯治（1914—2003）对粤中珠江三角洲地区和粤东韩江三角洲约40处庭园进行了系统的普查和整理。由此，夏昌世提出了“岭南庭园”的概念。夏昌世和莫伯治一起撰写了数篇学术论文，完成了《岭南庭园》，初步形成了岭南庭园的理论。期间，莫伯治主持设计了北园酒家、泮溪酒家、南园酒家以及双溪别墅（乙座）等优秀的作品。夏昌世和莫伯治组成了一个岭南庭园理论研究的学术共同体，莫伯治及其同事又组成了一个岭南庭园工程设计的学术共同体。

At the establishment of the Guangdong Society of Landscape Architecture, Xia Changshi delivered an academic report titled “The Local Characteristics of the Lingnan Garden,” and the chairman Lin Xi (1916-1993) delivered an opening speech titled “Writing the Poems of Patriotism on the Land of the Motherland with the Colorful Brush of Labor and Wisdom,” calling for the “Inheritance and Creation of the Lingnan Garden Style.” Lin Xi said, “To create the Lingnan Garden style, it is necessary to absorb the excellent characteristics of gardens and courtyard architecture from ancient and modern times, both domestic and foreign (the so-called ‘local’ refers to the folk architecture and garden construction techniques of Guangdong), to enrich the creation of Lingnan Gardens. … Our purpose of learning is to create a Lingnan Garden style with local characteristics, to become a school among the gardens of the motherland…” As a government official in charge of urban construction in Guangzhou for a long time, Lin Xi demonstrated outstanding leadership. Through the engineering design of teams such as Mo Bozhi, She Junnan (1916-1998), and Zheng Zuliang (1914-1994), the construction of modern gardens in the Lingnan region centered in Guangzhou from the 1950s to the 1980s was widely praised across the country. Lingnan Gardens gradually became one of the three recognized regional schools of Chinese gardens. Here, Lin Xi and his Lingnan landscape architects formed a regional scholarship community that includes research, engineering, and education sectors.

在广东园林学会成立大会上，夏昌世做了题为《岭南庭园的地方特点》的学术报告，理事长林西（1916—1993）发表了题为《把爱国主义的诗篇，用劳动和智慧的彩笔，写在祖国的土地上》的开幕词，并提出了“继承与创造岭南园林风格”的号召。林西说：“创造岭南园林风格，必须吸收古今中外地园林与庭园建筑的优秀特点，（所谓‘地’就是广东地方的民间建筑与造园手法），来丰富岭南园林的创作。……我们学习目的是为创造有地方色彩的岭南的园林风格，成为祖国园林中的一派……”。作为长期主管广州城市建设的政府官员，林西发挥了卓越的领导力，通过莫伯治、佘畯南（1916—1998）和郑祖良（1914—1994）等团队的工程设计，以广州为中心的岭南地区在1950年代—1980年代的现代园林的建设受到全国普遍的赞誉。岭南园林，逐渐成为中国园林的3个公认的地方流派之一。在此，林西及其岭南风景园林师组成了一个区域的学术共同体，囊括了研究、工程和教育等界别。

The Guangdong Society of Landscape Architecture, since its establishment, has published several academic materials. These include “Academic Materials of Guangdong Landscape Architecture, Volume 1” on its founding day. Subsequently, it released “Academic Materials of Guangdong Landscape Architecture, Volume 2” on December 28, 1962, “Academic Materials of Guangdong Landscape Architecture, Volume 3” on November 28, 1963, and “Academic Materials of Guangdong Landscape Architecture, Volume 4” (estimated to be in 1964). These periodic internal publications serve as the association’s journal. On February 14, 1979, the publication was officially named “Guangdong Landscape Architecture.” The content of this journal aligns with the academic topics covered by the various branches of the Guangdong Society of Landscape Architecture. By December 2023, “Guangdong Landscape Architecture” had been published continuously for 217 issues, becoming a platform for various scholarship communities in landscape architecture.

广东园林学会在成立之日，出版了《广东园林学术资料（一）》。其后，广东园林学会出版了《广东园林学术资料（二）》（1962年12月28日）、《广东园林学术资料（三）》（1963年11月28日）、《广东园林学术资料（四）》（推测是1964年）。作为不定期出版的内部资料，《广东园林学术资料》是广东园林学会的会刊。1979年2月14日，“广东园林学术资料”定名为《广东园林》，刊物刊登的学术议题与广东园林学会下设的分支机构的名称大致相同，凸显了《广东园林》作为会刊的基本作用。至2023年12月，《广东园林》连续出版了217期。《广东园林》成为风景园林的各种学术共同体的交流阵地。

In February 2024, it marks the 45th anniversary of the publication of “Guangdong Landscape Architecture.” In a new era, the “Guangdong Landscape Architecture” academic journal will optimize its purpose, column settings, and operation methods. It will adhere to the policy of being based in Lingnan, serving the whole country, and looking to the world. It will uphold the principles of open, democratic, and scientific publication, providing an academic field where a hundred flowers can bloom and a hundred schools of thought can contend. It aims to gather and cultivate various levels and forms of scholarship communities, contributing to the cause of landscape architecture in Lingnan, China, and the world.

2024年2月，是《广东园林》出版的45周年。在一个新的时代，《广东园林》学刊将通过办刊宗旨、栏目设置和运营方式的优化，坚持立足岭南、服务全国、放眼世界的办刊方针，秉承开放办刊、民主办刊、科学办刊的理念，提供百花齐放、百家争鸣的学术园地，凝聚和培育各种层级和各种形态的学术共同体，为岭南、中国乃至世界的风景园林事业做出应有的贡献。